in Darfur are fighting a new Cold War between the U.S. and China
of Andrea Pili
These days in the West spread the news about new clashes in Sudan in Darfur and the upcoming referendum in the south. However, very little is known of the historical events of this troubled country as the background of today's issues, then came the time to clarify things.
First, Sudan is not a nation and therefore the first reason is its wars of ethnic and geographical 1 ; the north of the state is mainly Arabic, while in the south are the vast majority of the blacks of various tribal languages, the same problem exists in Darfur, the region is culturally divided between Arabs and tribal. In addition, throughout the territory, there are as many as 50 ethnic groups divided into about 600 tribes and then we see the stupidity of the management of borders due to colonization, which in Sudan as in other countries, has created a cauldron-states within which ethnic groups are present different and even rivals. The germ of the internal struggle is in fact already present since the independence of Sudan 2 occurred during a civil war between north and south, which was started in 1955 and would end in 1972.
In that year the Sudanese president Al-Nimeiry, Arab nationalist, progressive, signing peace with the rebels in the "agreement in Addis Ababa" with a degree of autonomy which is enshrined in the South. The new socialist government came to power with a military coup in 1969 headed by the official pro-Nasserites, President Al-Jafer Nimeiry was able to prove a shrewd leader and reformer with the nationalization of banks and industries and land reform.
Note that he was a layman and this facilitated the negotiation between the two warring parties, which are also divided between Muslims (Arabs) and Christians (Tribal blacks). The power in Khartoum has always been related to the people of the north and then the secular Arab nationalism was probably the only political movement capable of curbing attrition and to present the authorities as authentic of all Sudanese.
Unfortunately, the story has been different and at the end of the seventies was the metamorphosis of Nimeiry from progressive to fundamentalist Islam. The causes of this change are in the coup attempts suffered in mid-decade by Sadiq el Mahdi, so the fear of losing power and the growing opposition led Nimeiry looking for new blocks: the United States, Egypt's Sadat and Islamic fundamentalism. Now the first two supports Khartoum no longer exist, while the third is still alive.
It should be remembered that the U.S. - who are now bitter enemies of the Sudanese government - just as the turning point of the Islamist Khartoum government supported; then Islamic fundamentalism is the second reason for the conflict. Sadat and Reagan were soon won over by the accession of Nimeiry the Camp David accords with Egypt, which has recognized the existence of the state of Israel. Islamic fundamentalists became allies of the government due to the unfortunate decision to apply the Shari'a throughout the country in 1983. Clashes resume in the same year, now powered by this blatant betrayal of the agreements of '72.
Just as Al-Nimeiry is visiting the White House 3 a group of military regime deposed without bloodshed. Between now and 1989 have come and gone two presidents who led the country between non-aligned states and also received aid for development by the United States and International Monetary Fund, which worked out a bailout of the country in 1982, despite the which the Sudan was one of the poorest countries in the world, although it was rich in oil.
We therefore introduce the third reason current conflicts, the political-economic , where you have to use some 'assumptions in the absence of a 360 °. In 1989 he came to power Omar Al-Bashir, is still head of the republic, an ally of the Sudanese Islamic Front of the magistrate At-Turabi, who in 1991 establish the new Islamic code, which contributes to the southern rebellion. Because the echo aroused by the violation of civil rights in the south, the United States abandon relations with Sudan and cut off economic aid with the approval of the IMF 4 that breaks with Khartoum due to non-payment of debts. The western port turnaround Bashir's regime to approach the new superpower, the only one able to "challenge the" American dominance: the People's Republic of China. Here we enter a scenario that brings us back to the climate of Cold War half a century ago.
in Darfur has created the largest current humanitarian emergency.
Sudan are facing today in the U.S. and China to try to capture the abundant resources of the country. 5
In Sudan, China has sent as many as 8 billion dollars in various energy sectors and the African country imports about 5% of its domestic needs. The Chinese have replaced the IMF with its state-owned banks and show themselves as stakeholders including e rispettosi dell'Africa, non impedendo il proprio modello politico-economico e scambiando risorse con la costruzione di infrastrutture, tutte con manodopera cinese.
All'inizio del 2000 il governo di Khartoum giunse a trattative con l'Esercito di Liberazione Popolare, 6 bloccando il lungo conflitto e sancendo finalmente la pace a Doha nel 2005, stabilendo la fine della Sharia nel sud ed il riconoscimento della diversità culturale di quest'ultimo.
L'esito della diatriba tra le due grandi parti del paese provocò un nuovo più terribile conflitto in Darfur, su basi etniche: arabi contro tribali dell'Africa Nera. L'opposizione dei Fur animata dalle del Jem 7 e dell' Els 8 si sollevò nel 2003, sicuramente nella speranza di scendere a trattative col governo. In Darfur è nata invece la più grande emergenza umanitaria attuale. E' il genocidio più grave del nuovo secolo, con 450'000 morti e 1 milione di profughi; ai due movimenti armati dei Fur si contrappongono gli islamisti filo-governativi Janjeweed, seminatori di terrore.
Per i crimini commessi, la Corte Penale Internazionale nel 2010 ha incriminato Omar Al Bashir per genocidio ed ha emanato contro di lui un mandato di cattura internazionale.
I nuovi scontri del 25 dicembre hanno dimostrato che la questione Darfur è ancora ben lontana dall'essere risolta a differenza dell'altro grande conflitto che sembra avviarsi a conclusione. Il 9 gennaio 2011 il Sudan meridionale andrà alle urne per votare il referendum sull'indipendenza dal governo centrale; gli Stati Uniti e le multinazionali – ghiotte di petrolio – hanno finanziato gli indipendentisti 9 e questo fatto dovrebbe inquietare e contenere l'entusiasmo per la liberazione del sud. Infatti si presenta la fine dell'oppressione araba, ma anche l'inizio della schiavitù economica delle multinazionali amiche di Washington. Solo un ingenuo, inoltre, potrebbe pensare che gli Usa si are held by foreign fund rebels in Darfur against rival Beijing, Bashir's supporters and opponents of the arrest warrant against him.
If the south will separate the government draft a new constitution that would strengthen the Islamic legislation. In short, the Cold War between the new millennium and the massacre in Darfur, as well as the escalation of the theocracy, it seems that the haze will continue to dominate the Sudan for a long time, even if the separatists win the future plebiscite.
Notes 1 The Sudan contains within itself the watershed area between the North African Arab and Islamic Africa and the Black, among whom are animists and Christians arose as a result of missionary preaching.
2 1 January 1956.
3 April 6, 1985.
4 International Monetary Fund.
5 Especially in the south and Darfur. Southern insurgents
6.
7 Movement for Equality and Justice. 8
Sudanese Liberation Army. Bush jr
9 with 6 billion dollars.
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